The field experiment conducted during the rainy season of kharif 2021 showed that weeds in soybean depleted the soil fertility by removing 69.2 Kg N, 12.4 Kg P and 76.7 Kg K under unweeded check. All weed control measures reduced weed dry matter and nutrient depletion by weeds at all the stages. Two hand weedings, ready mixture of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl  220 g a.i./ha  were significantly superior in reducing weed dry matter and nutrient depletion by  weeds at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest stage over rest of the treatments. All weed control measures significantly enhanced seed & straw yield of soybean over weedy check. Two hand weedings and mixture of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl 220 g a.i./ha, sodium aciflorfen + clodinafop-propargyl 245 g a.i./ha and propaquizafop + imazethapyr 125 g a.i./ha^, were at par and were found to be significantly superior over rest of the treatments in enhancing seed and straw yield.  Ready mix application of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl 220 g a.i./ha, propaquizafop + imazethapyr 125 g a.i./ha  and sodium acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl 245 g a.i./ha were significantly reduced the NPK depletion by grassy, broad leaved weeds and sedges and significant improve nutrient uptake by soybean and consequently gave higher seed yields.

The L-Proline nitrate is a homogeneous, green catalyst. Excellent catalytic properties Activity for synthesizing 2, 4, 5-triaryl substituted imidazole using a mixture of aromatic aldehyde, benzyl or benzoin, and ammonium acetate in ethyl alcohol as a solvent. 

An organic solvent-free synthesis of sulfonyl hydrazides has been achieved in water.  The reactions of equimolar amount of sulfonyl chlorides and hydrazines afforded a series of substituted sulfonyl hydrazides at 60 °C for 1 h in water as a solvent in the presence of triethylamine when hydrazines are hydrochlorides.  Moderate to good yields were observed for this transformation by the simple operation (46-81 %).  The reaction of amines, anilines, alcohol, and phenol have also been investigated in water

Chemical kinetics is thus concerned with the progress of the reaction as a function of time. Further, the influence of various factors such as temperature, pressure, solvent etc., on the rates of reaction is also investigated. ^[1] Such a comprehensive study of the rate of any reaction and the factors affecting it provides a general method of determining the mechanism of the reaction. There are many different types of chemical reactions, and a wide variety of experimental techniques may be used to investigate them. Majority of kinetic investigations should be concerned with reactions whose rates can be measured easily, without the use of special methods ^[2].During recent years, due to the development of new techniques; one can study reactions that are difficult to study by conventional methods. Some reactions are slow which proceed slowly and their rates can be measured by conventional methods. However, the rates of many reactions are too fast to be measured by conventional methods. The term ‘fast’ is a relative one but generally means that the reaction is fast relative to the time of mixing and observation by conventional methods ^[3]. These conventional methods cannot be applied to reactions which go to equilibrium in a few seconds of less.

The reasons why conventional techniques lead to difficulties for very rapid reactions are as follows ^[4-5].

(i) The time that it takes to mix reactants or to bring them to a specified temperature may be significant in comparison to the half-life of the reaction. An appreciable error therefore will be made because the initial time cannot be determined accurately.

(ii) The time it takes to make a measurement of concentration may be significant compared to the half-life. Kinetics of oxidation of acetone by Cr (III) has been carried out to explore the effective chromium (III) species in nitric acid medium. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to chromium (III) but the rate constant decreased with increasing in initial chromium (III) concentration.