The flower waste obtained from markets and temples could be effectively utilized for vermicomposting and production of good quality vermicompost. Eisenia foetida species is good for vermicomposting of flower waste at shorter time period. The results obtained proved that 50% inclusion of flower waste along with cow dung gives good yield of vermicompost. Eisenia foetida does not require soil for habitation. Provision of good quality cow dung enhances the water holding and nutrient supplying capacity. Maximum temperature (28.26^oC) was recorded in VT6 and pH ranged between 7.58 and 8.76 in all treatments. VT6 treatment also showed the maximum electrical conductivity (3.94 mhos/cm). The maximum weight of earthworm (4080 mg) was achieved in VT5 with a growth rate of 24mg/worm/day. High yield of vermicompost (2422gm/3kg of substrate) was also obtained in VT5 treatment. The present study revealed that the temperature at range of 26⁰C, pH 7.5 to 8 and moisture content of 49 to 50% were the ideal parameters to activate metabolic activity, cocoon production and reproductive action of Eisenia foetida.

Metamorphic changes in the incorporation and utilization of carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate energy reserves, together with the activity levels of four key energy enzymes; succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and alanine aminotransferases (AlAT) have been studied in the fat body of Bombyx mori, under the nutritional impact of honey and lemon juice. The larval silkworm actively mobilized dietary glucose and amino acids and deposited them in the fat body in the form of glycogen, trehalose and proteins, indicating enhanced rates of glycogenesis, trehalogenesis and protein synthesis. The non-feeding pupal and adult regimes are associated with increased breakdown of glycogen, trehalose and proteins through enhanced levels of glycogenolysis, trehalose catabolism and proteolysis and the utilization of resultant glucose and amino acids, for energy production through oxidative phosphorylation and or transdeamination. The fat body adopts metabolic plasticity in energy production by shifting its preference between oxidative phosphorylation or transdeamination in a stage-specific manner. Obviously, during larval and adult regimes, the silkworm prefers oxidative phosphorylation and derives energy by stimulating pyruvate synthesis vis-à-vis SDH

activity. In contrast, during the quiescent pupal regime it opts for transdeamination and derives its energy by stimulating amino acid metabolism through enhanced activity levels of AAT, AlAT and GDH. The honey and lemon juice-enriched mulberry diet showed positive impact on the fat body metabolism and energetics with maximizing effect on energy production by enhancing the incorporation rates of energy reserves vis-à-vis energy releasing processes, without affecting the pace and direction of metabolism.

This chapter presents the results of a geophysical survey the movement of persistent compounds as well as toxic pollutants in geological environment and the results of biochemical transformation in human body of Vietnamese, who is living nearby Hoa Khanh Industrial Park (IP), Vietnam. The research results show that inside the industrial park, the groundwater contains a significant amout of industrial electrolytes such as KCl, NaCl and heavy metal contamination such as Pb, Hg, Zn at a greater density than measured in the other residential areas. A combination of spectral and chromatographic analytical methods has been executed to monitor organic and inorganic compounds in the body of citizens as well as to determine the activities of the two-phase metabolic system: N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and the monooxygenases cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) of healthy test subjects, who are living nearby Hoa Khanh IP from 1 to 10 years. Research results show that the variations in the concentration of chemical elements in human hair depend upon the activities of the two-phase metabolic system, on the individual’s gender and the duration of residence within Hoa Khanh IP.

Corrosion is a naturally destructive process, in which metals lose their properties through unwanted chemical or electrochemical attacks by their environment, through the process, metals revert to their natural and lower energy state which is more stable than the pure state of metals, it showed that corrosion is a reverse chemical process of extraction of metals. In the refining process, energy is added to the ore to produce the pure metal which is the same energy process that provides the driving force causing the metal to revert to the more stable compound ores. As aluminium is a soft, malleable, useful metal. Natural occurring plant products are easily available, less toxic, economical, eco-friendly and biodegradable, so they are widely used as corrosion inhibitors without any adverse effects. In the present study, an extract of Phyllanthus niruri was investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor for the aluminium metal in various concentrations of sulphuric acid at 301K temperature, the study was carried out using weight loss and thermometric methods. The results of the study showed that with increasing the concentration of plant extract, inhibition efficiency increases whereas the rate of corrosion decreases. The study reveals that the extract of Phyllanthus niruri is an efficient natural corrosion inhibitor in an acidic medium. The stem extract showed maximum inhibition efficiency (65.12 %) in IN concentration of sulphuric acid and stem extract is a better inhibitor as compared to leaves and flower extract of the plant. The absorption of plant extract on the metal surface obeyed the Langmuir isotherm.

The study examined the synergistic effect of honey and lemon juice-enriched (HLJ-enriched) diets on the silk gland metabolism and energetics of the silkworm, Bombyx mori during fifth instar larval regime. Importantly, the study focused on metabolic changes in the incorporation and utilization of carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate energy reserves, together with the activity levels of four key energy enzymes; succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate (AAT) and alanine (AlAT) aminotransferases were investigated. Preferentially, the first half of the larval regime is associated with increased mobilization of dietary food materials and its second half is associated with the breakdown of energy reserves through enhanced levels of glycogenolysis, trehalogenolysis and proteolysis and the utilization of resultant glucose and amino acids for energy production through oxidative phosphorylation and or transdeamination.The silk gland derives energy from oxidative phosphorylation by stimulating pyruvate synthesis vis-à-vis SDH activity and from transdeamination by stimulating amino acid metabolism through enhanced activity levels of AAT, AlAT and GDH. The silk gland adopts metabolic plasticity in energy production by effectively modulating the pathways of oxidative phosphorylation through SDH activity and transdeamination through enhanced activity levels of AlAT and GDH.The honey and lemon juice-enriched mulberry diet has showed positive impact on the silk gland metabolism and energetics with maximizing effect on energy production by enhancing the deposition of energy reserves vis-à-vis energy releasing processes, without affecting the pace and direction of metabolic rates.